electronic-paper

INTRODUCTION:

Electronic paper, e-paper or electronic ink display is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. Unlike a conventional flat panel display, which uses a backlight to illuminate its pixels, electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper. It is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later.

To build e-paper, several different technologies exist, some using plastic substrate and electronics so that the display is flexible. E-paper has the potential to be more comfortable to read than conventional displays.This is due to the stable image, which does not need to be refreshed constantly, the wider viewing angle, and the fact that it reflects ambient light rather than emitting its own light. An e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade. The contrast ratio in available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper, though newly-developed implementations are slightly better.  There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to provide full-color capability.

BENEFITS:

1)    E-paper is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper - even its flexibility- and according to new research, reading the news on e-paper is more environmentally friendly than viewing via PC.

2)    Developed to overcome the limitations of computer screens, e-paper reflects light like ordinary paper instead of using a backlight to illuminate pixels and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity. This in turn means energy savings far beyond that of reading online instead of in print.

3)    The greatest burden on the environment for the paper version is the production of the paper, and in electronic format, the power consumption benefits of e-paper over computer screens come to the fore.

SHORTCOMINGS:

1)    Electronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate comparing with other low-power display technologies, such as LCD.

2)    Another limitation is that an imprint of an image may be visible after refreshing parts of the screen. Those imprints are known as "ghost images", and the effect is known as "ghosting". This effect is reminiscent of screen burn-in,but, unlike it, is solved after the screen is refreshed several times. Turning every pixel white, then black, then white, helps normalize the contrast of the pixels. This is why several devices with this technology "flash" the entire screen white and black when loading a new image, in order to prevent ghosting from happening.

Part 2 : Maglev

Disadvantages.

1. Not compatible with conventional track.
2. Require all new infrastructure for entire route.
3. Make noise like road traffic.
4. Quite expensive.  

Concept.

It can rotate the central wing at 360°  and can maneuver around sharp corners that allowing it to move down narrow roads within the cities.The wings move along the magnetic track but the two cabins remain completely still that make it safe enough for people to travel without wearing seat belts.

It has element of luxury and first class travel with leather seating and stainless steel framework.Besides that,  the sense of an enhanced environment is also added for making the public transport more comfortable and desirable.

Alternative Public Transport System.

                                     Maglev public transport system.

This is Maglev that was designed by Chris Hanley, British designer.Maglev or magnetic levitation is a system of transportation that guide vehicles, mostly trains using magnetic levitation from a very large number of magnets for lift. It is also embarks a brand new way of travelling with new flair of roller coaster and with the safety of an average bus.

Advantages.

1.  Keep away from chaotic jams.
2.  Run along its track.
3.  Allowing an efficient as long as emission free ride.
4.  Safe for people to travel without seat belts.
   

part 2: solar cars innovation

SHORTCOMINGS:

1)    Solar cars have several similarities to the every day car. They have a motor, wheels, seats, steering wheel, brakes and more. Also, they require some kind of fuel and in this case, it the sun, which is why it called the solar car.So The solar car cannot operate for a long period of time at night. Also, during a cloudy day, the speed must be reduced considerably for a long distance.

2)   So why are there no solar cars on the road? Well actually there are; once every second year. There are 2 popular races in the world. One, called the American Solar Challenge, happens between Chicago and Palm Springs and is approximately 2200km. The World Solar Challenge is the second race and is held in Australia. This race is 3000km. At the World Solar Challenge, the first group to have an average speed of 100km/h during the whole race wins one million dollars. During those races, the solar cars share the roads with the regular traffic.

3)   Much work remains to be done before a average person can drive a solar car to work. The cost of materials must be reduced and more research is needed to improve the performance of solar cells and batteries. By promoting research and educating people on zero emission vehicles, soon, we will be driving this fantasy car.

SOLAR CARS

INTRODUCTION:

Solar Powered Cars traditional are defined as cars which run on energy from the sun. They got their first recognition as a possible transportation method through the series of annual races across Australia.

This definition however is changing, in recent years of the green movement, solar power explosion now allows people to charge plugin electric vehicles (PEVs) through solar panels installed on their homes and in recent history solar panels installed on the roof of the car itself.

There is a very bright future for solar energy to power our transportation needs and we're just scratching the surface of the possibility.

EFFECTS:

1)     1)  Solar cars does not require expensive fuel, is quiet and very low maintenance, has certainly been

around, but has been more of a fantasy.

 2)   Solar cars produces no harmful emission in the air when it running. The conversion of the sun energy      into electricity is done through the exchange of photons and electrons inside the solar cell. Since the sun is available to everyone at all times during the day, and at no cost, the solar car does not require any refueling and oil changes. This means that on a nice sunny day, you can drive non-stop all day. The electric motor is much more efficient and quiet than the gasoline engine. There are usually no vibrations produced by the motor and the motor is generally smaller and maintenance free. The car is also much lighter.